The Link Between Literacy and Recidivism Essay -- Literacy Essays

Aviation Memory and Cognition Research Proposal

Flight Memory and Cognition - Research Proposal Example Likewise, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that on June 19, 2011 two airplanes came â€Å"within 300 feet of each other† (à ir’, 2012). Cessna 172 and ExpressJet that was conveying 53 individuals neglected to recognize a contention paying little heed to the way that they were both associated with the radio traffic control. The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) found that the controller who was working on the pinnacle had a negative history of â€Å"professional deficiencies† with endless occasions where he ignored the standard systems agenda that must be followed consistently (‘Air’, 2012). This examination paper plans to propose an analytical investigation to recognize the elements that offer ascent to approach miss occasions by the ATCOs and how memory misfortunes builds the quantity of close miss occurrences. The main role of directing this examination is to uncover the issue of close miss by the ATCOs and the different components that offer ascent to approach miss circumstances. This exploration proposition will give a short writing survey on the theme, approach, inquire about structure, anticipated result of the proposed look into. Nashef (2003) featured that the idea of close miss in aviation authority administrations alludes to the loss of partition between two airplanes noticeable all around which if not forestall would prompt mid-air crash. Accordingly, a close miss is the circumstance wherein the two airplanes came exceptionally near one another however didn't impact. Nashef (2003) has sorted close miss circumstances in three kinds, to be specific: Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. Type 1 close to miss is one where the occurrence has happened and the introduced framework in the airplanes effectively distinguished and adjusted the circumstance. It functioned as it was wanted to work and in this manner, no damage was really done. Type 2 close to miss is one where the occurrence happened however at least one of the introduced framework in the airplane really neglected to identify the loss of

Why Columbia Essay Samples Can Help Students Succeed

Why Columbia Essay Samples Can Help Students SucceedThere are many students who have trouble with their essays, and many students, including you, wonder, 'Why does Columbia University have such poor essay samples?' There are some topics, however, that tend to create more problems for students. Here are a few examples of topics that seem to create more problems than help.American History - The curriculum at Columbia requires students to understand the founding fathers, the Civil War, and the current events of our nation. However, American History is a big topic, and it is not always easy to follow all of the details, much less understand everything that is included in these classes. So, some students struggle. There are many solutions to this problem, and I will discuss them all here.Elizabeth I - The subjects of Elizabeth I are incredibly difficult. No matter how well you know history, you might be able to tell Elizabeth was the last queen of England. You might know the actual dates of her reign, but still have trouble following the facts and figures. Students, students like you, have to look beyond the concrete dates to understand how she, and her reign, impacted the world. That is where essay samples can help them most.The Civil War - The Civil War is really the only subject that creates more problems than it solves for many students. Because of the scope of the topic, students have to learn about how different groups within the country came together to fight against each other. Each group has its own motivations and reasons for fighting. Students have to look beyond the flashy fighting, into the trenches and to the fighting that changed the world as we know it today.American Immigration - The immigration issues that plague the country today are, too, difficult for students to grasp. Sometimes, students are lost and cannot understand what is happening in their own homeland. Using essay samples can help many students, and it will also help them understand and remember certain issues, such as the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II.Writing Skills - Writing skills are an extremely important skill, and a topic that many students struggle with. Even if students understand the material and study methods at school, they often find it difficult to be consistent with their efforts when they leave. Using Columbia essay samples can help them write their own work, and they will develop their own style, which can be very beneficial.Finding Columbia Essay Samples - Columbia University is quite large, and the resources there are quite diverse. While the schools and colleges are at the same level, they are, in many ways, quite different. In fact, there are a number of online writers that offer their services to students. Be sure to do your research, and find a reputable writer for your specific needs.I hope that you have found this article on why Columbia essay samples can help you succeed. Students, like you, sometimes have difficulty understanding the college curriculum, and some topics, like history, can be particularly hard to grasp. Using essay samples can help you, and they can make your classes go by faster.

The Importance Of Vaccines - 1539 Words

Vaccines are one of the health measures that have produced the greatest benefit and continue to produce humanity, prevent diseases that previously caused major epidemics, and deaths. Vaccines are very effective and safe medicines. No advance in medicine has managed to save as many lives as vaccines, thanks to them diseases perceived as threats cease to exist or highly diminish. (Lenselink, et al., 103-107) Their safety is very high and they are the pharmaceutical products that are required higher safety standards: all vaccines currently administered have clearly demonstrated their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to take into account different issues in order to minimize the risk, on the other hand very low, of side effects.†¦show more content†¦Today the first vaccine must be given at birth and the last in senescence, that is, throughout our lives we must apply different vaccines, since vaccination is the best strategy to prevent diseases and prevent death. Vac cines not only help keep the child healthy, they help all children to eradicate serious childhood illnesses. Pediatric associations in each country recommend a specific chronological guideline for administering vaccines, based on international recommendations. Despite the recent boom in the anti-vaccination trend, vaccines have a high safety profile and a low rate of side effects and complications. Vaccine administration is often not mandatory in most nations, although in some places, such as Australia, non-vaccination of children is a fiscal penalty for parents. Immunizations allow your child to gain immunity from diseases caused by a bacterium or a virus, and help protect the people around you. If you do not get the vaccine, you can only get immunity if you get the disease. This can be dangerous because your child may have certain long-term health problems or difficult treatment as a result of illness. Immunizations help control diseases and prevent them from relapsingShow MoreRel atedThe Importance Of Vaccines1035 Words   |  5 Pages Humanity is better than it was just 2 centuries ago thanks to vaccines. Currently there is a debate between people for vaccination and people who are not, called â€Å"Anti-Vaxxers†. Some feel the need to oppose vaccines because they think the ingredients are too risky, and its their choice regardless. Others feel that vaccines are beneficial because the positive effects it has on safety of our society. Vaccines should be required for everyone because the benefits outweigh the risks. First, oneRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1746 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have become an important health intervention throughout the years. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth. The word vaccines comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccines derives from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow. Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease through the presence of antibodies in the human body. AntibodiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines786 Words   |  4 Pageslost to vaccines, the future generations protected from outbreak, and the amount of each ingredients safety in the amount used. initially, The lives saved by vaccines heavily conquer the casualties as well as the afflictions prevented. â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 american children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination,† claims the author in the article â€Å"Should Any Vaccines Be RequiredRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on the world’s health are clean water and vaccines†, says the World Health Organisation. However, not everyone agrees that the increasing number of available vaccines are necessary, or even safe. So, when faced with the individual and their right to make their own decision about being vaccinated; and the ramifications that their decision may have on society as a whole; is it advisable to make the vaccination programme compulsoryRead MoreThe Impo rtance Of Vaccines1531 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have been considered one of the greatest medical achievements, and are instrumental in health promotion. Vaccines play a major role in lowering the risk of exposure to diseases. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends 29 doses of 9 vaccines plus an annual flu vaccine for children ages 0 to six (CDC, 2017). There are twelve diseases that have been considered potentially dangerous that children are routinely vaccinated against. They include: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Diptheria, TetanusRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccine Policy1181 Words   |  5 Pageswould have provided residents sustained transparency, guaranteed parents the right to access vaccine reports that would keep them well informed, and assist them in making safe and appropriate decisions for their child (Texas H.B. 2249, 2017). On the other hand, as parents are opting out of their child receiving immunizations, conflicting values may arise. As vaccine exemption rates are rising, vaccine coverage levels are beginning to decline, putting the community in a predicament. When a highRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreThe Importance of the Influenza Vaccine Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIllnesses have long haunted the human race. As long as these illnesses have existed, humans have developed ways to cure themselves, beginning with simple herbs and proceeding as far as vaccines and complex medicines. One cure that long eluded scientists was that of the influenza virus. Now, the influenza vaccine, or flu shot, saves thousands of lives a year and helps prevent serious complications resulting from influenza infection. At no time was a search for the cure for influenza more franticRead MoreVaccines : The Importance Of Giving Parents The Full Story1408 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines: The Importance of Giving Parents the Full Story Vaccines have in recent years become quite a controversial subject. Parents who are trying to decide whether to vaccinate their children find themselves bombarded with information some of it valid, and reliable, but a lot of it false or heavily biased. They find horror stories of infants and children who have seizures and/or permanent brain damage as a result of a vaccine. Sources that support immunization refuse to acknowledge the dangersRead MoreThe Importance Of Health Informatics For Preventing Vaccine Preventable Diseases751 Words   |  4 PagesThis article is about the path taken to discovering data sources for a research project and the importance of health informatics in assisting in the process. The research project is about the importance of childhood immunization and the role it plays in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases in children. With the threat of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, it is imperative that we take all necessary precautions to make sure we are protected against any such threats. However, in order

United Stated Successful Foreign Policies - 2043 Words

Ebtehal Alqarni History 5-6-2015 Final Exam Q1/ UNITED STATED SUCCESSFUL FOREIGN POLICIES: THE MARSHALL PLAN: After the world war II Europe was completely ravaged and had to face a serious bleak of aftermath of war. People had no food to eat and no shelter to live. Majority of European regions were destroyed and was in dire need of help to uplift the state back to its original condition or at least could arrange basic necessities of people as quickly as possible. So, in order to pull out Europe of the devastation The United States designed a foreign policy The Marshall Plan under the presidentship of Harry S. Truman on April 3, 1948. The plan was designed to support Europe in arranging for food, shelter, infrastructural recovery†¦show more content†¦It played a major role in changing the business perspective between Europe and U.S. It helped European countries to pass the initial phases of post war unfavorable conditions. However, the U.S apart from supporting Europe also wanted to lower down the biggest threat of communism to spread. The aid was also offered to Soviet Union but was turned down by them as they considered it an attempt by U.S to set its control in communist regions. Overall the plan was highly efficient and proved to be a support to the war affected countries and also to U.S in hindering communism to spread. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION: World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international trade organization which was set up on January 1, 1995. It was developed with the participation of 161 states. The purpose of WTO is to design different agreements relating to trade with the mutual consent of the members companies, setting out trade rules and principles among different countries. WTO aims at reducing obstacles in trade and business between the countries and look into disputes that arise in nature of trade. The prime function of WTO is to provide a framework for manufacturers, importers, exporters and businesses through which they can regulate their working boundaries. In this era of globalization there was a need of an

Sexual Harassment in the work place Essay Example For Students

Sexual Harassment in the work place Essay Joel Acie Dr. Ann Jabro Communications Skills III Robert Morris College October 14, 1999 Sexual harassment is described as the most recently defined form of victimization of women, following rape and wife abuse (Henry Meltzoff, 1998; from Rigor 1991). The phrase sexual harassment signifies forms of behaviors and discrimination that have occurred between the sexes throughout history. It was not given social, moral, or legal significance until the late 70s (Henry Meltzoff, 1998). The question that I pose is why do males and females tend to be ignorant about what is sexual harassment and what is not sexual harassment and to explain what studies have been conducted to answer this question and how can it be prevented at work? The U. S. government and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (EEOC), define sexual harassment as unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when; submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individuals employment; (2) submission to rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual; (3) when such conduct has the purpose or effect of interpreting with an individuals work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment for that individual (Fredrick Atkinson, 1997). The term, quid pro quo which basically means some-thing for something is a form of sexual harassment which involves threats, bribery, promotion or conditions of employment for sexual favors (Richman et al.). Now that the EEOC and the United States government have defined the definition of sexual harassment, I am able to go into detail about who is involved. Harassment in other gender combinations does occur, the vast majority of incidents involve a man harassing a woman (Baugh, 1997). Women tend to be more sensitive to sexual harassment concerns because women are the primary targets of harassment and men are usually the perpetrators (Baugh, 1997). The most powerful and consistent variable that has been found to influence perceptions of sexual harassment is sex of the person who makes the judgement (Henry Meltzoff, 1998). Women are more likely to interpret less severe behaviors as constituting sexual harassment (Henry Meltzoff, 1998). The difference in perceptual sets or behavioral labels is key because men tend to misperceive sexual harassment behaviors or friendly behavior on the part of the woman (Baugh, 1997). Meaning that men view friendliness on the part of women as an expression of sexual interest, or even when that was not what the woman herself indicated her intentions to be (Baugh, 1997). A lack of awareness of the differences in the definitions or perceived seriousness of sexual behaviors at work has the potential for causing very serious misunderstan dings between opposite-sex coworkers (Baugh, 1997). Reason, because women see sexual harassment more seriously than men do. Men are more likely than women to ascribe responsibility for the harassment to the victim (Henry Meltzoff, 1998). Mental health consequences include anger, depression, anxiety, and substance use and abuse (Richman et al.). Most studies have addresses situations involving a female target and thus neglected victimization of men but, a study, that was made, suggested that mens experiences with sexual harassment were less distressful in nature because men have greater power in society (Richman et al.). So it is very unlikely that men will be targets of sexual harassment, but there have been select few times where it has happened in the workplace by other male co-workers at the same job. Besides knowing that women are the usual targets of sexual harassment, there is a question. The question is what studies have been done to explain Sexual Harassment in the work place Essay? There have been some studies that were conducted in the past to explain the interpretations of males and females with sexual harassment. The first study was a set of videotape scenarios and questionnaires trying to understand the factors of flirting and sexual harassment (Keyton Rhodes, 1999). The participants were 110 females and 87 male undergraduate students at a mid-south university, and undergraduate students at another university. The assumption is that male-female interaction in the workplace is unavoidable. .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .postImageUrl , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:hover , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:visited , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:active { border:0!important; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:active , .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1 .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31fe75c343f5e5195448803481be82c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ulysses S. Grant (1505 words) Essay Confusion .

The Influence of Hip Hop on Todays Youth free essay sample

The Influence of Hip Hop on Todays Youth After silence, that which comes nearest to expressing the Inexpressible is music. This profound statement from English writer, Aloud Huxley, demonstrates the importance that music obtains In todays society. Simply, music Is a form of expression, not limited to any specific genre. Although this expression is not limited to one genre, there is one that seemingly obtains the title of most controversial. The Rap/Hip-Hop genre has been harshly criticized for the topics of discussion in which any songs entail, and the various projected images. Everything has Its pros and cons; many people have lost sight of its purpose. Student of Dartmouth College, Rebecca Heeler states, Many people dont realize that hip-hop began by bringing communities and neighborhoods together on the streets of the South Bronx. Hip- Hop is not only a tool of personal expression, but it is also a tool of communal empowerment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Hip Hop on Todays Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Iatric Rose, author of Black Noise, writes that it is a black cultural expression that prioritize black voices from the margins of urban America (2). Hip- Hop is a social movement. It is a way for the African-American community to identify, as the search for identification Is a struggle. HIP hop emerges from a complex cultural exchanges and larger social and political conditions of disillusionment and alienation (59). In todays society, the best method in connecting to the youth is the media outlet, through music or television.So how does Rap/Hip-Hop influence todays youth? It influences each individual differently; life is what you make of it. Hip Hop influences todays youth either positively or negatively; it creates a sense of awareness, cultural connection, and empowerment or creates a negative Image for admiration and enforces negative stereotypes. Altogether hip hop Is a powerful force, not to be taken lightly. In the words of Busts Rhymes, Hip-hop reflects the truth, and the problem is that hip-hop exposes a lot of the negative truth that society tries to conceal.Its a platform where we could offer information, but its also an escape. Much of hip hops negative connotations derive from its bold and daring nature of expression. Most artists of this genre are very blunt and arent afraid to speak their mind. Rap music and hip hop culture are cultural, political, and commercial forms, ND for many young people they are the primary cultural, sonic, and linguistic windows on the world (Rose 19). The discussion of controversial topics through a creative outlet encourages the youth to become politically and socially engaged.The majority of todays youth does not watch the news; this is a more appealing manner. An idol, role model, or favorite celebrity discussion of social and political issues sparks an Interest in the minds of the youth. For example, the activism from celebrates In the Adoration Martin case Increased awareness and Interest of the youth. Over 500,000 views. Hip hop has the audacity to speak on issues that others are afraid of. To speak to the second part of Busts Rhymes statement, hip hop is an escape for many.It is a way to temporarily leave a current state of endurance. Whether this endurance is school stress, home life, or whatever the case may be, music is an escape method. With hip hop, there is a sense of association, an item that humans thrive on. To know that another person is enduring a similar struggle is mind-easing. This allows a state of relaxation and ease. For youth, the harsh realities of life sometimes become overwhelming, and hip hop is an outlet or escape. Head phones in, tuning out the world. Today the sense of black pride and empowerment is scarce.Hip Hop is an attempt to revamp this movement. Hip hop is an attempt to keep the dream that previous African American leaders had. There was once a point in time when African Americans were not equal, and the world was truly against them; todays youth tends to forget this. In his book Black Identity: Rhetoric, Ideology, And Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalism, Dexter Gordon writes that, The erasure and exclusion of blacks from the public sphere presented Americas colored inhabitants with a difficult rhetorical challenge.Inscribed in both propellers discourse and in racist Americas symbols and practices as inhuman, nineteenth-century black rhetoric had to construct their constitution as human and deserving of treatment as such, with limited access to the available means of public communication (70). Now that the African-American race has full access to available means of public communication, it should be used to its fullest potential. Hip hop holds so much power; it is the voice of the people. This voice is the voice that the youth hears and listens to on a daily basis.Hip hop is the Malcolm X of today, the face of black power. Words have so much rower, put to music they are a force to not be reckoned with. At once white supremacy dominated the country; hip hop is a chance at black superiority. Blacks are the leaders of this genre and have a chance for their voice and opinions to be heard through an outlet that reaches everyone, particularly the youth. African- Americans have a history of signifying in literature, music is no different. All songs have a surface meaning, but hip hop is about the underlying message. It has a way of speaking to its audience that no other genre has.Hip hop is one of the most popular genres in the world, and its power is astonishing. To refer to the previous statement from Busts Rhymes, Hip Hop is not afraid to touch the subjects most are afraid to. It reveals many of the negative truths of society. In the article From Civil Rights to Hip Hop: Toward a Nexus of Ideas, author Derrick Already writes, that Since its emergence in the late asses, SSP Hip Hop has explored such themes as police brutality toward African Americans, black incarceration, the need for lack leadership, black nationalism, black love, and African American solidarity (233).These themes are less explored today, but Hip Hop is a way of expressing feelings towards them. Tuba is perhaps the most influential rapper. Although is no longer alive, his music remains influential to this day. Songs like Changes and Keep Yea Head Up are truly inspirational and speak to many of these themes. In Changes he said, l see no changes. All I see is racist faces. This one better place, speaking to the racial issues in America. In Keep Yea Head Up he spoke to themes of mens responsibility and black love by stating, l wonder why we take from our women.Why we rape our women, do we hate our women? I think its time to kill for our women. Time to heal our women, be real to our women. Tuba dared to say what no one else would. Another example of Hip Hop speaking to these various themes is Public Enemys song, Fear of a Black Planet. They spoke to theme of Black Nationalism by stating, Excuse us for the news. You might not be amused. But did you know white comes from Black. No need to be confused. These are very strong words that speak to the youth, influencing their perception of reality. Bringing issues to the youths attention encourages action.The youth is the future; they must be active and involved. Gordon also writes, Their physical chains contorted black iodides, and their white supremacist discourse squelched the black voice and projected black invisibility. A public black challenge would emerge (Gordon 71). Hip hop is the black challenge. It is an end to this notion of black invisibility, as it reaches millions of people, globally. The African-American race has a history of struggle and oppression, but has regained its voice through music. White supremacist can no longer squelch the black voice or project black invisibility because hip hop is everywhere.It is in the car, home, grocery store, and movie theatre. It is on the side-walk, street, magazine cover, and television. It touches every aspect of life in the average human, especially the youth. It is not only a way for the youth to support this revolution of black power, but is also an outlet for participation. Young artists are taking over hip-hop, for instance, Doggy Simmons, Ill Twist, Mindless Behavior, Eke Palmer, and many others. Hip hop allows the voice of the youth to be heard by either themselves or others in their age bracket. This gives the youth a sense of power, positively influencing them.Although Hip Hop is prevalent in the African-American community, it is not subject to Just African- Americans. It gives all youth a since of power and touches the lives of everyone, as hip hop is international and does not discriminate. White artists such as Mine, Machine Gun Kelly, Yellow, Mac Miller, even Justine Briber, hold established position in the Hip Hop world. Hip hop is one of the widest genres. Its power is the ability to reach almost everyone, but its reach to the youth is extensive. The power to influence is within the youth; they are the group that is influenced easier.Music is the easiest way to attempt to influence this audience as the majority of the youth watches TV and sites to the radio. Hip hop happens to influence them in this manner, establishing a sense of power and purpose. Everyone likes to be important; Hip Hop allows the youth to feel important. This is a confidence-booster and a push towards success. In the words of Nas in his song entitled l Can, I know I can be what I want be. If I work hard at it Ill be where I want be. This attitude is the message to all youth, work hard and you will achieve. Hip Hop is also a form of communal empowerment.It has helped this nation come together and break the barriers of race and class; hip hop accepts everyone. In his book entitled Hip Hop Matters, Craig Watkins states that for much of its history hip hop has defied the racial and class boundaries that shape life in America (85). He uses rapper Mine as an example. He goes on to say that, deeply rooted in Amines appeal to the disadvantaged and perceived racial differences impoverished communities share important interests (92). Hip Hop is not defined by a color; it is a genre that everyone can relate to. Without Hip Hop, there is a possibility that racial tension would rise.Much of Hip Hop discusses the struggle, which is a common ground for everyone. A common ground goes a long way. Without Hip Hop, there is a possibility that racial tension would rise. Much of the genre discusses the struggle, which is a common ground for everyone. A common ground goes a long way. Hip Hop has improved race relations and brought the youth of today together. Although there are many positives of Hip Hop, there are a few negatives. In her article entitled Researcher cites negative influences of hip-hop, Kathy Sangria of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette writes, Whats changed over time is the greater equalization of hip-hop.Initially, it started off as a evolutionary form of music. Now, large corporations produce images that sell, and there is a blatant link between hip-hop and pornography (par. 6). Hip Hop has created a negative image in the eyes of many and the youth of today follows its example from equalization, to language and drug use. Although there are various negative images, the many aspects of Hip-Hop are all laid out, but what is picked up is left up to the individual. Overall, Hip Hop influences many people greatly, either positively or negatively. Its purpose and relayed messages speak to the youth of today.

The Paradox of American Government

The Paradox of American Government The unresponsiveness of the government institutions to the public demands highly affects on the citizen participation and voter participation. The Americans have different ways of expressing their popular over the government institutions and when these institutions fail to respond to such demands there are many reactions from the citizens. The most distressing thing is that these institutions even dismiss the reactions of the citizens according to Ethridge and Handelman (1997).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Paradox of American Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Citizen participation involves three aspects participating in public hearings, comment procedures and reviews thus failure of the government to respond to public demands affects these three aspects. For instance, the citizens fail to attain legitimate involvement in planning and other decisions. This in turn affects the welfare of the community which cannot be achieved without mutual agreement between the public and the government. In such situations, the public also feels unsatisfied and like they are not being paid attention to, as stated by Peltzman (1998). This results in public chaos such as demonstrations and strikes which are believed to be the main way to make the government address their needs. Similarly citizen participation in government duties such as public hearing reduces since the citizens do not feel comfortable with the government’s activities. Citizen participation is very important in the review process of any government procedures, therefore failure of the federal system to address their demands results to them paying little attention to the reviews and this might slow down development projects. Moreover, such unresponsiveness antagonizes the members of the public as they ditch them against each other. This is because they forced to speak of their problems in unfriendly terms to terms to get thei r problems known. This in return makes the decision makers unable to sort out what the citizens want hence unable to make a choice of using public input as stated by Rothstein and Steinmo (2002). Such acts also discourage the busy and thoughtful citizens from wasting their moments doing what appears to be unnecessary to the federalist systems. The unresponsiveness also raises the ambivalence of citizens and other public officers on the hearing from the community at all. Voter participation is an important duty for every citizen as it allows them to participate in political decisions. However, the federal government’s failure to respond adequately to their demands reduces their interest in the government hence the following voter participation is likely to be low. When the federal government does not pay attention to the public needs and the elected delegates do not act according to their promise, the voters feel betrayed and the result of this definitely is a less voter turno ut or change of interest. As a result it is very important for the federal government to ensure that the interest of the people is valued as suggested by Milakovich and Gordon (2012).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The public interest is very crucial in the planning of development projects thus when the public feels that their interest is looked down upon, they have the right to demand the rights including demanding for re-election especially if their concern has not been addressed. The American public is and has remained very influential in political matters and especially those affecting the citizens directly and this usually determines how voter participation turns out to be, according to Hill (2006). As a result, if the government fails to listen to their demands, the public is bound to have the same influence on voter participation and this will be most likely in a ne gative way. References Ethridge, M. E. Handelman, H. (1997). Politics in a Changing World. Auckland: Cengage. Hill, D. L. (2006). American voter turnout: an institutional perspective. Michigan: Westview Press. Milakovich, M. E. Gordon, G. J. (2012). Public Administration in America. Auckland: Cengage Learning. Peltzman, S. (1998). Political Participation and Government Regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Rothstein, B. Steinmo, S. (2002). Restructuring the Welfare State: Political Institutions and Policy Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Paradox of American Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

What Is a Republic vs a Democracy Understanding the Difference

What Is a Republic vs a Democracy Understanding the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you look closely at the United States Pledge of Allegiance, you’ll see that it calls the United States a republic. It reads: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† So what does that mean, exactly? Can the United States be both a democracy and a republic? And what is the difference between a democracy and republic, anyway? As it turns out, there are subtle, but important, differences between a democracy and a republic, and that the definitions aren’t mutually exclusive. In other words, it’s complicated. But don’t worry! Knowing the differences between a republic vs a democracy is important for tons of AP exams, including both history tests (U.S. and world) and both government and politics tests (U.S. and comparative). That’s why we’ve put this guide together for you. By the end of this article, you’ll know the definitions of a democracy and a republic, how they operate, the differences between them, and where the United States fits into the discussion. So let’s get started! What Is a Democracy? The term â€Å"democracy† comes from the combination of two Greek words: â€Å"demos,† meaning â€Å"the people,† and â€Å"kratia,† which means â€Å"power or authority.† Thus, a democracy refers to a type of government where the power to govern rests with a country’s people rather than a ruling family (a monarchy) or a single individual (totalitarianism). That means that citizens control how their government operates, usually through voting. The Origins of Democracy The term â€Å"democracy† first pops up in the 5th century BCE to refer to the government in Athens, Greece. Between 508 BCE and 322 BCE, Athenians governed themselves in what is now referred to as a pure democracy. (Don’t worry...we’ll go into that a little later.) Ancient Athenians didn’t have anyone to represent them in government; instead, everyone had a voice- literally. Debates on topics of governance were held publicly in what was referred to as The Athenian Assembly, and every male Athenian citizen had individual voting rights. Not only that, but qualified citizens were given time off of work and a stipend to help make sure every voice was heard! Through the Assembly, every voice could weigh in on every issue, and all laws and rules of governance were established based on majority rule. While this type of democracy would eventually be replaced by a more representative form of government, the underlying idea- that government works best when it's run by its citizens- would go on to influence the governance of most of the Western world, including the United States. The 3 Major Types of Democracies With growing populations and more complex systems of government, the Athenian method of one voice, one vote doesn’t always work. So as the world has changed, democracy has changed with it. Here are the three major types of democracies seen in the world today. Direct Democracy Also known as pure democracy, direct democracy is democracy in its most basic form. Just like the Athenians at the Assembly, direct democracy lets each qualified individual shape policy by casting a direct vote. In other words, citizens are directly involved in the political process! In this system, political decisions are made based on what the majority of voters decide. Each qualified person casts a vote, and the category with the most number of votes wins. The benefits to a direct democracy are that it lets each person, regardless of class, race, or economic position have a voice. However, in practice, direct democracies often exclude certain groups. For instance, in ancient Athens, only male citizens had the right to participate in direct democracy. Women, criminals, and slaves- even though they were subject to Athens’ laws and policies- were denied a voice. Additionally, direct democracy doesn’t always work well on a large scale. That’s because there are an overwhelming number of decisions that need to be made to keep governments running. Examples of Direct Democracy in Action Because direct democracy can be unwieldy on the national level, there are few countries that use it as a primary governmental system. But that doesn’t mean direct democracy doesn’t exist anymore! Here are some examples of where you can see direct democracy in action. Switzerland: Switzerland, a country of roughly 8.2 million people, uses direct democracy to run its local, regional, and federal governments. Every citizen over the age of 18 weighs in on how the country should be run, and because votes are so important, they are held four times a year and scheduled decades in advance. Also, as a direct democracy Switzerland lacks an elected Head of State. Instead, the country has a Federal Council which is elected by the Federal Assembly (which works like the Athenian Assembly) every four years. Each year, a new person from the Federal Council is elected to serve as president! Local Elections in the U.S.: Because the populations are much smaller, local, municipal, and county elections often rely on direct democracy to make sure government is serving the will of the people. Local laws and referendums are often put up for a majority vote where every vote counts. State Elections in the U.S.: Fourteen states allow citizens to design legislation and put it up for a vote through what are called ballot initiatives. Each state lets an individual citizen create a ballot initiative, and if it gets enough signatures via petition, it gets put on a statewide ballot where it passes by majority vote. The catch? In order to go on the ballot, each initiative must be ruled constitutional by the state courts, too! Representative Democracy The second type of democracy is a representative democracy (sometimes called indirect democracy). In this system of government, certain individuals are elected to represent the will of the people. These people, often referred to as elected officials, are chosen to vote on behalf of a specific group of citizens. These groups can be defined in many ways. Sometimes people are grouped by neighborhood, by city, by county, or even by province or state. The idea behind a representative democracy is to streamline the process of government. Because elections where everyone weighs in are logistically difficult, having a small number of people representing the desires of the majority allow for much faster decision making. This is especially important when governments are representing a large number of people, and it’s one of the reasons why many federal governments use indirect democracy to operate. But representative democracy comes with drawbacks, too. One of the biggest problems is that in most cases, representatives aren’t required (by law, constitution, etc.) to actually represent the will of their constituents. They’re able to make their own decisions, which can mean that elected officials are more prone to corruption. Additionally, there’s the problem of the vocal minority. Have you ever heard the term, â€Å"the squeaky wheel gets the grease†? It just means that the people who complain the loudest are often the ones who get the most attention. So sometimes a few people who complain loudly are mistaken for representing the majority of their community. Examples of Representational Democracy in Action Because representational democracy works best on a larger scale, most Western governments operate this way (if the country is democratic, of course). Here are a few examples of representational democracy in action. The U.S. Legislature: The U.S. Legislature is a federal representational government, meaning that the representatives who serve create laws that apply to the entirety of the United States. The legislative branch is split into two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the Senate, each state elects two people to represent their interests on the national level. In the House of Representatives, the number of representatives from each state is determined by population, so bigger states have more representatives. In both cases, all the representatives are elected by majority vote in their respective states. (Note: this is different than other representative democracies, like the United Kingdom parliament, where one house is elected and the other house is appointed by the Prime Minister or President.) U.S. State Legislatures: U.S. state legislatures work exactly like the federal legislature, only on a smaller scale. Each state has both a senate and a house of representatives, and the state’s residents elect representatives based on the districts they live in. This allows each state’s residents to have a say in how their state is governed. The Canadian Government: Like the United States, Canada holds popular elections where a handful of representatives are chosen to represent the citizenry at both the provincial and the national level. The elected officials serve in The House of Commons, which is similar to Congress in the United States. Each of Canada’s 10 provinces are also representative democracies where elected officials represent the will of their province’s citizens. Constitutional Democracy A constitutional democracy is the third major type of democracy in operation today. Constitutional democracies are characterized by having structures in place that limit the power of the majority. Put another way, constitutional democracies have constitutions or other governing documents that help regulate the power of those elected to office. To do this, constitutional democracies function based on a combination of democratic principles and the rule of law. The nation’s constitution serves as the highest form of law and outlines people’s rights as well as what the government can and can’t do. (You might say that the constitution puts limits on the government’s power in order to protect citizens freedom.) As a result, a constitutional democracy government must both uphold the constitution and still represent the will of its people. The benefit of a constitutional democracy is that it gives a country a set of principles to use as a guide for all other decisions. It also protects the citizens by guaranteeing them a certain set of rights. (For the United States, that’s â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.†) However, a constitutional democracy also limits an individual citizen’s ability to participate in government since there are strict legal parameters around what people can and can’t do. Additionally, constitutions are very hard to change. In the United States, it takes a two-thirds majority vote in Congress or a constitutional convention (or joint meeting) called for by two-thirds of the states’ governments in order to amend the Constitution! That can be a big problem, especially when aspects of the Constitution are out of date. (Check out the 13th Amendment, which prohibits slavery, or the 19th Amendment, which gives women the right to vote, to see this in action.) Examples of Constitutional Democracy in Action Constitutional democracies are a popular form of democracy around the world. We’ll talk about a few countries that use constitutional democracy below, but if you’re interested in a full list, you can find that here. The United States: Of course, the United States relies on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to create all new legislation. It’s the job of the judicial branch- including the Supreme Court- to determine whether new laws violate the Constitution or Americans’ constitutional rights. In fact, did you know can go to school to study constitutional law? You can! Check out the Constitutional Law Reporter to learn more about how constitutional law is practiced in America today. Germany: After World War II, Germany was split into essentially two different countries, East Germany and West Germany. When West Germany was set up by the Allies, it was formed as a constitutional democracy. It wasn’t until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991 that Germany was unified under a single constitution. Mexico: The United States’ southern neighbor is also a constitutional democracy. The Constitution of Mexico, which was ratified in 1917, was the first constitution in the world to create guidelines for social rights for its citizens, like a right to an education. (Remember: the United States initially did this through the Bill of Rights, which are the first ten amendments to the Constitution.) But Wait...Can a Country Be More Than One Type of Democracy? As you were reading through this section, you probably realized that the United States, along with many other countries, fall into more than one democratic category. That’s because a democratic country can use more than one type of democracy to run its government. For instance, a city can use direct democracy to vote in new laws and select state and federal representatives. Those representatives then participate in representative democracy, where they speak- and vote!- on behalf of their constituents. And finally, all of these actions- policy decisions, government structure, citizens’ rights, and the creation of new laws- are governed by the constitution. That means the United States is a constitutional democracy as well. This is possible because all democracies, regardless of their organizational structure, operate on a shared set of principles. Let’s take a closer look at those now. Voting is a key component of democracy Characteristics of Democracies Beyond just structure, democracies are also characterized by a shared ideology, or system of beliefs. According to Larry Diamond, a professor at Stanford and one of the foremost scholars in democracy studies, democracies have four foundational characteristics. We’ll talk about each principle in more depth below. #1: Free and Fair Elections In order to make sure that people’s voices are being heard accurately, democracies have to ensure that all voting processes are â€Å"free and fair.† But what does that mean? In order for an election to be â€Å"free and fair,† it has to be administered in a way that allows its citizens to vote and treats all political parties and candidates equally. That means the process 1) needs to be accessible to everyone who meets voting qualifications and 2) as unbiased as possible. Furthermore, in order to be as fair, these elections need to occur at a regular interval. If elections are only happening every two decades, that denies people the ability to make their voices heard! Free and fair elections are important to democracy because the voting process is the way that citizens voice their opinions and, in representative forms of government, choose the people who will represent them in higher levels of government. It also puts an important check on power. If representatives are coming up for reelection regularly, it puts pressure on them to vote in line with their constituents. Otherwise they could lose their position during the next voting cycle. #2: Citizen Participation In order for democracy to function, its citizens have to participate in the process of government. That means people have to run for office, create ballot initiatives, petition for laws and causes they believe in, and vote. Remember that the term â€Å"democracy† means that the power to rule belongs to the people. Only by exercising that power can a nation’s citizens ensure that their will is reflected in the country’s laws and structures. It’s also important that in a democracy, all citizens are given an equal right to participate regardless of where they live, what they do for work, or what culture they come from. If civic participation is limited to a certain class or race, the system becomes an oligarchy instead. (In oligarchies, a small group of unelected people hold all the governing power.) When everyone has a chance to participate, it ensures that the government accurately reflects the populace, that minority populations have a voice, and that new laws are fair for everyone. #3: Protection of Citizens’ Human Rights Perhaps most notably, democracies believe in freedom. Citizens should have the right to express their opinions and participate in democracy without fear or intimidation. Not only do democratic societies believe that creates a better life for its citizens, it also helps keep governmental power in check. If people can freely- but peacefully- express their opinions, it makes it clear when elected representatives aren’t listening to the will of the people. Even more importantly, democracies believe in the protection of people’s basic human rights. In the United States, these are outlined in the Bill of Rights, and they include the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, protection from the illegal seizure of property, and the right to a trial by jury. (Not familiar with the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights Institute breaks it down for you!) In other words, democracies guarantee fundamental protections to individual citizens which allows them to live in safety, freedom, and peace. #4: Equal Rule of Law Finally, the last thing all systems of democracy have in common is the rule of law. According to Dr. Diamond, the rule of law is fundamentally important to democracy because it protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of government. In other words, if elections are how citizens make their voices heard, then laws are the ways that citizens’ desires are enforced. It’s pretty clear how laws work in a constitutional or representative form of democracy. In a constitutional democracy, the constitution itself lays out some fundamental laws, and no other legislation can violate them. In a representational democracy, laws are created by the elected officials in order to make sure that their constituents’ concerns are being addressed. But what about a direct democracy where everyone has a voice? Well, even in ancient Athens, the oldest direct democracy, had laws to help govern the city-state. The whole point of The Assembly was to create new policies and laws that the majority of people could agree on, and those policies would govern the entire populace! Laws, then, are a tool people can use to make sure the ideals of democracy- like freedom and basic human rights- are maintained. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images What Is a Republic? Whew! Now you know a lot about how democracies function and their core ideals. Now it’s time to look at a republic vs. a democracy. How are they different? Well, the answer is a little bit complicated. The term â€Å"republic† comes from theGreek word politeia, which means the â€Å"rights of citizens.† (It also comes from the Latin res publica, which means â€Å"public affair.†) In modern English, a republic is a government system where the power rests with a nation’s citizens. To do this, republics use elected officials to represent the will of their citizens within the government. In other words, republics rely on a representational form of government, just like the representational democracies we talked about earlier! Additionally, in order for a country to qualify as a republic, its head of state has to be an elected official. That means that while countries like France and Germany- which have elected presidents as heads of state- are republics. Countries with a monarch as the head of state, like Canada and the United Kingdom, are not. So to summarize: a republic is a form of government where the power a) rests with the people, b) is exercised through representative government, and c) has an elected head of state. The Origins of Republics While many ancient states were republics, one of the most notable was the Roman Republic that existed between 500 BCE and 27 BCE. During this time, Rome had expanded to encompass most of modern-day Europe along with parts of Asia and Africa. That meant that Rome was home to many different cultures, and its citizens spoke 21 different languages! This time period also marked Rome’s switch from a monarchy- where a king ruled the nation- to a constitutional government. In 509 BCE, the last Roman King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown and sent into exile. The Roman Senate, which was comprised of Rome’s noble families, decided to institute a new type of government. The country would now be led by two elected consuls who had equal power and would serve one-year terms. These consuls were elected by legislative assemblies made up of male citizens of Rome. These assemblies also voted on laws developed by the Roman Senate. The Roman Senate was comprised of Patricians, which were members of Rome’s noble class. The Senators were appointed by the Roman consuls, and they served as senators for life. The Senate’s job was to draft new laws that would be voted on by the Assembly. Over the next few centuries, the government of Rome would develop a set of guidelines and principles to govern the expanding country, which would coalesce into the Roman Constitution. The Constitution would remain one of the foundational governing documents of the Roman Empire up until its collapse in the 5th century CE. The countries in blue, orange, yellow, and green are all classified as republics. Types of Republics Today Remember that a republic is a nation where governmental power rests with its citizens, uses a representational government, and has an elected head of state. These are pretty general criteria, so that means there are quite a few republics today. In fact, as of 2017, 159 of the world’s 206 countries use the word â€Å"republic† as part of their official names! Additionally, the loose definition of a republic means there many different types of republics functioning today. We’ll briefly discuss the major types of republics here, but you can find more in-depth information about each one by following the links in each description. Constitutional Republic In a constitutional republic, the government is limited by laws established by a formal constitution, which is generally secular in nature. Additionally, the government is run by elected officials who are voted on by the population, and those officials are required to follow the rules of government laid out by that country’s constitution. (For more information about republics based on religion, see the section on â€Å"theological republics.†) Examples of modern constitutional republics include the countries like India and South Africa. Parliamentary Republic A parliamentary republic uses a parliamentary form of government in which the head of state runs the executive branch of government and the head of parliament runs the legislature. The legislature itself is comprised of elected officials that are voted into office by the country’s citizens. Examples of parliamentary republics include Greece, Hungary, and Malta. Presidential Republic A presidential republic allows its citizens to elect a president to serve as the country’s head of state. However, in a presidential republic, the president also serves as the head of the government, too! This is different from a monarchy, where the king or queen serves as the head of state while a prime minister or president runs the day-to-day operations of the government. Examples of presidential republics today include Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia. Federal Republic Federal republics are countries that are actually a union of states, all of which operate on a republican form of government. In order to qualify as a federal republic, states have to have independence to make their own laws and decisions, as long as those laws don’t conflict with policies established for the entire country on the federal level. (In this way, states function as a mini-republic, complete with elected officials and an elected head of state, like a governor!) Examples of federal republics include the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. Theocratic Republic These types of republics are governed primarily by religious law. In this case, religious texts become the backbone of the nation’s governing structure and are often drafted into a religious governing constitution. That means that additional laws and policies developed by the government must also be in line with religious law. Additionally, in order to qualify as a republic, these theocracies must have an elected head of state rather than a monarchy. Examples of modern theocratic republics include Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Can a Country Be More Than One Type of Republic? Just like a country can be more than one type of democracy, a country can also be more than one type of republic! For example, Iran has a parliament- making it a parliamentary republic- but it also bases its governing structure on religious law, making it a theocratic republic. The same is true for a country like Germany, which operates on the principles of both a parliamentary republic and a federal republic. In other words, much like democracies, the types of republics we discussed above are not mutually exclusive. In fact, in order for a government to run efficiently, it must often combine governing structures. Russia is a republic but is notdemocratic Republic Vs. Democracy: What’s the Difference? You’ve probably already noticed that republics and democracies have a lot in common, namely that they both are systems where the power to govern rests with the people. So what’s the difference in a republic vs. a democracy? The major difference between a democracy and a republic is that a republic is a form of government whereas a democracy is an ideology that helps shape how a government is run. Put another way: a republic is the system of government that allows a country to be democratic! So while people tend to use the terms â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"republic† interchangeably, they aren’t exactly the same thing. The best way to understand this difference is to look at examples where a republic style of government isn’t democratic. To do this, let’s talk about two non-democratic republics: Russia and North Korea. Russia The Russian government, like many other nations, is set up like a republic. According to the Russian Constitution, the Russian president- which is elected by the Russian populace- is the head of state and runs the executive branch of government. It’s the president’s job to appoint a prime minister, whose job it is to run the government on a day-to-day basis. But in reality, Russia has operated more like a dictatorship than a democracy under current President Vladimir Putin. Although the president and other government officials are elected by popular vote, the Russian government also limits Russian citizens’ freedom, including suppressing free speech and controlling access to objective information. North Korea North Korea’s government is set up much like the United States’ and is split into three branches: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. By law, the citizens in North Korea elect officials to the legislative branch through popular vote, and the legislative branch passes laws on behalf of the people. (That’s why North Korea’s full name is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.) In actuality, North Korea is classified as a dictatorship. The current president, Kim Jong-Un, inherited his position from his father. Additionally, elections in North Korea are largely for show- only one candidate runs for each position, so people really have no choice in their representation. Beyond that, the government severely limits people’s ability to travel, so much so that many North Koreans have to pay people to smuggle them out of the country. So despite having a republican government structure- and having the term â€Å"democratic† in their country’s name- North Korea doesn’t function like a democracy on a day-to-day basis. The United States: A Democratic Republic So that leaves us with one final question: what type of government is the United States? Where does the U.S. fall in the republic vs. democracy debate? The answer is that the United States is both a democracy and a republic! The U.S. as a Republic When the founding fathers were writing the U.S. Constitution, they envisioned the United States as a republic. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison made this clear in The Federalist Papers, where they make it clear that the federal government will be made up of elected officials who represent the will of the people. In fact, many of the United States’ founders believed that a direct democracy would result in nothing more than â€Å"...instability, injustice, and confusion.† As a result, the U.S. Constitution outlines a system of government that allows people to fairly vote on representatives, and those representatives make laws in accordance to the people’s will. Each of the states’ governments are set up in the same way, which means that the states are mini-republics, too! Additionally, in order to be a republic, people must elect the person who will serve as the head of state. This is certainly true in the U.S., where citizens vote on who will serve as president of the country every four years (though whether this is a direct or indirect vote is a subject of debate thanks to the electoral college). Considering all of this, the United States works as a combination of a constitutional, presidential, and federal republic! The U.S as a Democracy Remember that the difference between a republic and a democracy comes in how each of those ideas functions in government. So if the United States is a republic because of how the government operates, it’s a democracy because of why it operates. In other words, the U.S. runs its government like a republic, but it bases its government on democratic ideals. In order to operate as a democracy, the United States has to have free and fair elections, citizen participation in government, protect citizens’ human rights, and honor the rule of law. The United States meets all four the criteria to qualify as a democracy. In terms of elections, the U.S. holds regular elections for its elected officials at regular intervals, and any qualified U.S. citizen is allowed to cast their vote for their representatives. Additionally, these representatives are other U.S. citizens. Roles in government aren’t passed down from family to family- all citizens in good standing are welcome to run for office regardless of class, gender, or culture. But what about guaranteeing human rights? One look at the Bill of Rights makes this clear. Not only do the amendments to the U.S. Constitution make guarantees about equality and freedom, they also serve as a set of protections for all U.S. citizens from the overreach of government power. And finally, the U.S Constitution serves as the country’s guiding legal document. All other laws must first uphold the laws and rights outlined in the Constitution first! So Now What? Are you reading this post in preparation for the U.S. History AP Exam? If so, you should also check out some of our other resources! We have subject-specific posts like our NATO overview (coming soon!) and a complete guide to AP U.S. History books. If you’re a freshman, sophomore, or junior, you might consider adding a few more AP classes to your schedule. Here’s a complete list of AP courses and tests to help you choose classes that are perfect for you. Are you also considering taking the SAT subject tests in addition to- or instead of!- an AP exam? Make sure you get the inside information on both before you make your decision.

Reflection Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection Papers - Essay Example Similarly, the contestation over the significance and meanings of ‘girl power’ and girl culture have produced new relationship between feminism, girls, and popular culture. In particular, popular culture has always been the primary focus of feminism (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). Apparently, the impact of contemporary life on women and the importance of popular culture to mapping ideologies and desires around the modern woman have been of vast interest to feminists. As a popular civilization, girl culture is conceivably a form of feminism. Many of the contemporary feminist approaches underline the active deployment of popular culture by women. In summary, the complexity in discussing or analyzing the relations between Spice Girls and their fans suggests the difficulty surrounding ‘identification’ (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). According to British cultural theorists, Paddy Whannel and Stuart Hall assert that the pop stars girls admire are tangible idealizations of life of a typical teenager, and not merely remote stars. In addition, the psychoanalytic principle claims that girls are normally characterized by over-investment in objects. The principle reflects or denotes a fear of separation and

Stories of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stories of Change - Research Paper Example Reasons for organizational change may include changes in opportunities, changes in technology; customer needs changes, change as a result of globalization and financial wealth. Organizations need to have an ability of adapting effectively and rapidly to the change process for them to remain competitive in today’s rapidly  changing  world. Therefore, organizational managers need to determine ways of nurturing the change process required as well as determine the different approaches required to make the change process effective to ensure organizational feasibility (Gupta, 2011). It is essential for any organization to accept change process positively if it needs to stay viable in the competitive market. However change process is not an easy process, and there are so many points that can go immoral. Among them is opposition and resistance from employees regarding the change process. Therefore, it is essential to manage the process with an effort of reducing the chance of such confrontation (Hayes & Richardson, 2008). According to the stories of change, there are 3 significant errors presented in the McDonald, Hewlett-Packard, and Kodak organizations. For Hewlett-Packard organization, Carly in 1999 became the company’s new chief executive officer at a period when the company was faced with many business issues and lacked a proper direction. The main aim of Carly was to rearrange the organization to have a good effective flow of ideas. During the year 2002, the company merged with Compaq Computer Corp (CCP) that was a very major but a desperate change p rocess. It is essential for an organization to anticipate a change process for them to react pro-actively rather than reactively for it to be effective (Gupta, 2011). For Kodak change story, the organization biggest recommendation was communicating more effectively with workers on the desired change process. One of the big challenges that organization face is on how to

Mithraism :: essays research papers fc

Mithraism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the third day of December, only twenty-two days remain till the celebration of Mithra begins (Cunningham, 197). Myself and a few of my army comrades have big plans for this upcoming occasion, it is just a shame though that some of our fellow country men, and our own wives even, are trying to spoil our Mithristic festivities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems the beliefs of Mithra are becoming quite unpopular in Rome. Only a small portion of my fellow soldiers still belong to the brotherhood, and the soldiers are the only ones who follow the ways of Mithra. Most of the Roman people will not even admit of an existence of my religion, women do not like it because they are not aloud to partake in it (197). That is for their own good though, Mithraism is not meant for women or the weak, their are some things they just can not understand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No, the people of this land do not believe in Mithraism, but they do have their own god to worship. In fact it is all my wife can speak of, this Christianity. The faith the people of Rome are demonstrating for this man Jesus and his teachings is very uncanny, and it is only hurting my creed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nerve these Christians have, putting their most holy of days on the same day as ours (197). This must be some sort of conspiracy in trying to finish off a dying religion. If that is not enough, they even tore down my place of worship and built a church of their own in place of it (197). Now I must travel two hours by horse just to fulfill my spiritual needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My wife, she cannot understand anything. We argue continuously over how to raise our son. Before my church was torn down there was little to fuss over, now all she does is complain. She says that it is to far of a trip for him to journey with me every week, and that he should go with her to the Christian church. She also protests that our ways are to barbaric, and he should not take part in some of its activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She is in great dismay over what I have in store for our young lad this coming twenty-fifth. In my religion only men can join, and the men must follow certain rites of passage to be aloud to enter. One of the more important rites is the sacrifice of a bull (197). She believes that she is going to take him to her chuch in celebration of the Christian god Jesus.

The Antitrust Laws

The American government has engaged in the development of creating and enforcing legislation as the course of action for everyone to follow when dealing with labor issues and the workforce. In my research I found several pieces of legislation such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Act (Federal Trade Commission, n.d.), and per text the Wagner Act of 1935, and the Taft-Hartley Act (DeCenzo, 2016). Congress passed these legislation as the determining element in how much control that management and/or unions would have in protecting the rights of the workers and the organizations.The US government has been tangled in the development of acting as a intermediary among the corporations and unions with labor clashes. In the 1800's, there wasn't many laws that would govern how unions would operate within the organization. So in the early stages of unions organizations thought that the unions were illegal and that they would interfere with the progress of the organization.The Sherman Antitrust Act was the initial legislation implemented that shaped labor unions. This act was critical to the corporation because it prevented any â€Å"restraint of commerce across state lines and the courts ruled that union strikes or boycotts would be covered by the law†. There are two additional act of the Sherman Act, they are the Federal Trade Commission Act the prohibit bias procedures concerning competition and misleading forms of practice, the Clayton Act focuses on certain issues such as mergers and joining boards members . A main strike between the Pullman Palace Car Company and the American Railway Union, where workers walked off of the job, because wages was cut by as much as forty percent. At that time the organization was able to obtain an ruling that prevented both the walk-out and boycott. And because of this labor unions discovered that it would be harder to organize successfully (Shmoop, 2018).The National Labor Relation Act of 1935, which is also known as the Wagner Act was endorsed to protect both employers, and employees, it is the main key for union rights. The Wagner Act distinctively insist that employers should bargain in excellent confidence on issues such as wages, hours, and employment environments. This gave unions control over bias labor habits. Therefore, the Wagner Act empowered unions to be able to grow and advance, plus to establish unions permitting them to protect and bargain together, which means the workforce has the right to come as one to make their demands known even without a union (DeCenzo, 2016) (Shmoop, 2018). Because the Wagner Act sheltered the unions it led to the Taft-Hartley Act which is known as the Labor-Management Act (DeCenzo, 2016). This act covered the concerns of the employer in preventing bias practices of the unions. It prohibited closed stops by declaring them illegal and empowering the states to pass laws that would decrease mandatory union representation. It also, disallowed secondary boycotts by giving the president authority whenever differences may influence national security. Both parties must bargain in â€Å"good faith† by coming to the table intending to reach an agreement. But if they don't reach one the Taft-Hartley developed the FMCS to help in the talks (DeCenzo, 2016). All of these laws are very important to the corporations and unions since they're the source of the relationship that is among the workforce and the employer. While the NLRA has changed over time it is very important because it includes how both should work together throughout the bargaining process. And how the Taft-Hartley manages the length of the relationship. But they safeguard that everyone should work collectively throughout the conditions of the association. As a result unionized workers through combined efforts of both the union and organizations cooperative bargaining have produced better wages, benefits , safe environment, and health conditions for the workforce. They have also included better opportunities for the non-unionized workers (Walters, 2003).ReferencesDeCenzo, D. A. (2016).Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 12th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc.Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.).Retrieved from The Antitrust Laws: https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-lawsShmoop. (2018).Retrieved from History of Labor Unions: https://www.shmoop.com/history-labor-unions/law.htmlWalters, M. a. (2003, 8 26). Economic Policy Institute.Retrieved from How unions help all workers: https://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_bp143/..

Analysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn - 1974 Words

According to Carson-Newman College, a literary canon is a body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for study. Based on this broad definition of the term literary canon, the reader is left wondering whether or not Huckleberry Finn deserves its place in our literary canon? Many people like Jane Smiley, are against it being part of our literary canon for multiple reasons. For example, she is against it because of the appearance of racism and the events throughout the book. However, despite all the criticism this book faces, one point the critics do not consider is the influence this book has on modern American culture and also about how the novel is â€Å"a novel of education.† Another thing it fails to recognize is that the criticized elements were part of Mark Twain’s period. Regarding this book’s place in our literary canon, Huckleberry Finn’s uniqueness, as well as its influence on people s life, are what make this a great novel to study, a nd make it fit the criteria for being part of our literary canon. Huckleberry Finn has always been claimed to be American classical, which is where arguments of its place in our literary canon are based off. This novel deserves its place in our literary canon due to its use of ordinary speech and a variety of dialects that makes it easier for the reader to make a connection to each of the characters and also be able to draw a conclusion from each one of them. During the time this novel was written in the American history, aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 1970 Words   |  8 Pagesmisery, and controversy as the word â€Å"nigger.† This word has been a deep concern in American history and culture, and the use of it two hundred nineteen times in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has caused a mass of debate. Despite critism on its complex and offensive subject matter, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn hold enduring academic value among students and shoul d be taught in American high schools because it serves as a medium of literary teaching, an alternative source for studying AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1332 Words   |  6 PagesMicaela Soriano AP Lit Period 2 Mr. Etheridge Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Cheat Sheet Title: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Mark Twain Publication: December 10, 1884 Setting and Time period: The setting throughout the story mainly takes place along areas by the Mississippi River, and as stated in the book, â€Å"Forty to Fifty Years ago†. Characters: Huckleberry Finn - The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Huck is the thirteen-year-old son of the local drunk of St. Petersburg, MissouriRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 943 Words   |  4 PagesRepresentation of Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the opening of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim, an escaped slave previously owned by Miss Watson, is a simple, kind, and generous man who is also almost superstitious to a fault. However, Jim develops as a character throughout the novel in a humble passage from slave to free man and Tom Sawyer’s savior. This character transformation manifests itself throughout Jim and Huck’s time together in a search for freedom and a path back to Jim’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adventures Huckleberry Finn is an American literature classic that tells a marvellous tale. With thrilling twists, character development, and usage of language, it is easy to understand why it is considered an American classic. The interpretation of that story is up to the reader. The similarities, or perhaps the difference of the characters in the book help make it all much more believable. The ranging personalities create imagery of real life. Yet, some of the personalities and their goal areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 2017 Words   |  9 PagesAs its title suggests, the main character and protagonist of the story is Huckleberry Finn. He is the narrator of the story who desires to be free from the restraining life that he was given from the widow. He is an observational boy who knows how to survive outdoors and will try to get out of any situation. During the course of the story his conscience often bothers him about the consequences of his actions such as freeing Jim and how an event will affect the people involved such as during a scamRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn Essay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding others unlike ourselves, for its satirical attack against complacency regarding the evils in our world, for its use of original literary techniques, and for its profound insight into human nature and human foibles, Huckleberry Finn is one of the most teachable books. It is es pecially suited for the study of American literature in the eleventh or twelfth grades. This is the time when young adults are making decisions about their lives--moral, social, emotional, academic decisions. They areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a topic of debate for a long time. The most heated topic of debate is if the novel is racist and if it should then be included in school curriculum whether. Many believe this book should be taken out of school curriculum for being racist. Huckleberry FInn should be taught in schools because of its satire, views on slavery and morals, and depiction of antebellum America. Huck Finn still remains a classic Twain s use of satire is one of the many thingsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1648 Words   |  7 PagesLola Parsapour Mr. Ruddy AP Lang 3 September 2015 The Value in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, developed into one of the most controversial books in America. The basis of this controversy can be summarized briefly for it was the use of racial slur and issues of slavery that caused tension in our society. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was banned for the first time one month after its publication. â€Å"â€Å"Not suitable for trash† was theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 923 Words   |  4 Pagesrambling of thought, a major piece of literary confusion plaguing my mind something most fierce that I cannot even lay my head down to rest peacefully lest this situation be resolved. As of this moment, the majority of my latest novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is nearing its completion, settling at the end of its forty-second chapter, only one more concluding verbose passage revolving around in the air within my mind. While most would be elated and at peace for achieving somethi ng so grand- a nearRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Murtagh And Huckleberry Finn 1262 Words   |  6 PagesMurtagh and Huck Finn In great works of literature many of the same traits and characteristics appear in the main characters. Adventure books where you find Heroes and villains in a constant struggle to thwart the others efforts are where you could notice the reoccurring traits the most. Heroes are often very similar, demonstrating similar strengths and weaknesses. I compare Huckleberry Finn, to Murtagh of the Inheritance series. Although Murtagh is not the main protagonist, he is most certainly